Networking systems

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L1 · PHYSICAL

The atlas. — click any technology in the rail on the left. The center stage redraws its topology and spectrum; the right rail shows the OSI layers it touches plus its modulation, encoding, and weaknesses. Use the Compare picker to overlay any rival.

All sketches are schematic — packet animations are illustrative, not protocol-accurate. Throughput / range / latency / power are teaching reference values, not vendor benchmarks. The OSI ladder shows the layer(s) the technology defines; everything above (TCP, TLS, HTTP) lives in dedicated modules.

Pair with the error-coding lab for what L2 does when frames go bad in flight.